The Grassmann algebras: derivations and identities
Abstract
We survey some classical results on the polynomial identities satisfied by Grassmann algebras, with a list of recent new results on their derivations. Other new results concern the differential polynomial identities of the Grassmann algebra \(E\) of an infinite-dimensional vector space over a field of characteristic zero, arising under the derivation action of some Lie subalgebras of \(Der(E)\).
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification:
15A75, 17B60, 16E45, 16W25Keywords
Grassmann algebra, derivation, differential polynomial identities
Author Details
Vincenzo C. Nardozza
Dipartimento di Matematica,
Università degli Studi di Bari
via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italia
e-mail: vincenzo.nardozza@uniba.it
References
- E. Aljadeff, A. Giambruno, Y. Karasik. Polynomial identities with involution, superinvolutions and the Grassmann envelope. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 145, 5 (2017), 1843–1857
- E. Aljadeff, A. Giambruno, C. Procesi, A. Regev. Rings with Polynomial Identities and Finite Dimensional Representations of Algebras. Amer. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ., vol. 66. Providence, RI, American Mathematical Society, 2020.
- S. Argenti. Lie semisimple algebras of derivations and varieties of PI-algebras with almost polynomial growth., Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 152, 10 (2024), 4217–4229.
- V. V. Bavula. Derivations and skew derivations of the Grassmann algebras. J. Algebra Appl. 8, 6 (2009), 805–827.
- F. A. Berezin. Introduction to superanalysis. Math. Phys. Appl. Math., vol. 9. Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1987.
- J. Browne. Grassmann algebra Volume 1: Foundations: Exploring extended vector algebra with Mathematica. Eltham, Australia, Barnard Publishing, 2012, ISBN: 978-1479197637.
- J. Browne. Grassmann Algebra Volume 2: Extensions. Eltham, Australia, Barnard Publishing, 2021, Abridged draft edition.
- L. Centrone. On the graded identities of the Grassmann algebra. J. Algebra Comb. Discrete Appl. 4, 2 (2017), 165–180
- V. R. T. da Silva. On ordinary and Z2-graded polynomial identities of the Grassmann algebra. Serdica Math. J. 38, 1–3 (2012), 417–432.
- D. Ž. Djoković. Derivations and automorphisms of exterior algebras. Canadian J. Math. 30, 6 (1978), 1336–1344.
- G. Dor, A. Kanel-Belov, U. Vishne. The Grassmann algebra over arbitrary rings and minus sign in arbitrary characteristic. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., Ser. B 7 (2020), 227–253.
- V. Drensky. Free Algebras and PI-Algebras. Graduate course in algebra. Singapore, Springer-Verlag Singapore, 2000.
- V. Drensky. Codimensions of T-ideals and Hilbert series of relatively free algebras. J. Algebra 91, 1 (1984), 1–17.
- O. M. Di Vincenzo. A note on the identities of the Grassmann algebras. Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. A(7) 5, 3 (1991), 307–315.
- O. M. Di Vincenzo, V. Nardozza. Differential polynomial identities of upper triangular matrices under the action of the two-dimensional metabelian Lie algebra. Algebr. Represent. Theory 25, 1 (2022), 187–209.
- O. M. Di Vincenzo, V. Nardozza. Minimal ∗-varieties and superinvolutions. Israel J. Math. 265, 1 (2025), 311–346, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11856-024-2657-2.
- O. M. Di Vincenzo, V. Nardozza. Differential Identities of the Grassmann Algebra. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 229 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpaa.2025.108143.
- D. Fearnley-Sander. Hermann Grassmann and the creation of linear algebra. Amer. Math. Monthly 86, 10 (1979), 809–817, https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1979.11994921.
- A. Giambruno, P. Koshlukov. On the identities of the Grassmann algebras in characteristic p > 0. Israel J. Math. 122 (2001), 305–316.
- A. Giambruno, C. Rizzo. Differential identities, 2 × 2 upper triangular matrices and varieties of almost polynomial growth. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 223, 4 (2019), 1710–1727.
- A. Giambruno, M.V. Zaicev. Polynomial identities and asymptotic methods. Math. Surveys Monogr., vol. 122. Providence, RI, American Mathematical Society, 2005.
- A. Giambruno, M. V. Zaicev. On codimension growth of finitely generated associative algebras. Adv. Math. 140, 2 (1998), 145–155.
- A. Giambruno, M. V. Zaicev. Exponential codimension growth of PI algebras: an exact estimate. Adv. Math. 142, 2 (1999), 221–243.
- A. S. Gordienko. Asymptotics of H-identities for associative algebras with an H-invariant radical. J. Algebra 393 (2013), 92–101.
- A. S. Gordienko, M. V. Kochetov. Derivations, gradings, actions of algebraic groups, and codimensions growth of polynomial identities. Algebr. Represent. Theory 17, 2 (2014), 539–563.
- G. Hochschild. Semi-simple algebras and generalized derivations. J. Math. 64 (1942), 677–694.
- V. G. Kac. Lie superalgebras. Advances in Math. 26, 1 (1977), 8–96.
- I. Kaplansky. An Introduction to Differential Algebra. Publ. Inst. Math. Univ. Nancago, No. 5. Actualites Sci. Indust., No. 1251. Paris, Hermann, 1957.
- A. R. Kemer. The Spechtian nature of T-ideals whose condimensions have power growth. Sibirsk. Mat. ˇZ. 19, 1 (1978), 54–69, 237 (in Russian); English translation in: Siberian Math. J. 19, 1 (1978), 37–48.
- A. R. Kemer. Ideals of identities of associative algebras. Transl. Math. Monogr., vol. 87. Providence, RI, American Mathematical Society, 1991.
- A. R. Kemer. Identities of algebras over a field of characteristic p. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) Suppl. No. 31 (1993), 133–148.
- A. R. Kemer. The standard identity in characteristic p: a conjecture of I. B. Volichenko. Israel J. Math. 81, 3 (1993), 343–355
- A. Kemer. Remarks on the prime varieties. Israel J. Math. 96, part. B (1996), 341–356.
- A. R. Kemer. Multilinear identities of the algebras over a field of characteristic p. Internat. J. Algebra and Comput. 5, 2 (1995), 189–197
- V. K. Kharchenko. Differential identities of prime rings. Algebra i Logika 17 , 2 (1978), 220–238, 242–243 (in Russian); English translation in: Algebra and Logic 17, 2 (1978), 155–168.
- V. K. Kharchenko. Differential identities of semiprime rings. Algebra i Logika 18, 1 (1979), 86–119, 123 (in Russian); English translation in: Algebra and Logic 18, 1 (1979), 58–80.
- D. Krakowski, A. Regev. The polynomial identities of the Grassmann algebra. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 181 (1973), 429–438.
- E. R. Kolchin. Differential algebra and algebraic groups. Pure Appl. Math., vol. 54. New York-London, Academic Press, 1973.
- A. I. Malcev. On algebras defined by identities. Mat. Sb. 26/68 (1950), 19–33 (in Russian).
- F. Martino, C. Rizzo. Differential identities and varieties of almost polynomial growth. Israel J. Math. 254, 1 (2023), 243–274.
- V. Nardozza. Differential polynomial identities of upper triangular matrices of size three. Linear Algebra Appl. 663 (2023), 142–177.
- J. B. Olsson, A. Regev. Colength sequence of some T-ideals. J. Algebra 38, 1 (1976), 100–111.
- A. Regev. Existence of Identities in A ⊗ B. Israel J. Math. 11 (1972), 131–152.
- A. Regev. Young-derived sequences of Sn-cocharacters. Adv. Math. 106, 2 (1994), 169–197.
- J. F. Ritt. Differential Algebra. Amer. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ., vol. XXXIII. New York, American Mathematical Society, 1950.
- C. Rizzo, The Grassmann algebra and its differential identities, Algebr. Represent. Theory 23 (2020), 125–134
- C. Rizzo. Differential codimensions and exponential growth. Linear Algebra Appl. 675 (2023), 294–311.
- C. Rizzo, R. B. dos Santos, A. C. Vieira. Differential identities and polynomial growth of the codimensions. Algebr. Represent. Theory 26, 5 (2023), 2001–2014.
- W. Specht. Gesetze in Ringen. I. Math. Z. 52 (1950), 557–589.
- I. B. Volichenko, The T-ideal generated by the element [X1, X2, X3, X4]. Preprint no. 22, Institut Matemat. Akad. Nauk BSSR, Minsk, 1978 (in Russian).